Pictures of the Day: Egypt and Elsewhere

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Photos from Egypt, Cambodia, New York and Myanmar.

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The Evolution of the Ed Koch Obituary

When former New York Mayor Edward I. Koch died early on Friday, The Times was prepared. At least, it looked that way.

Web editors reached for the well-written and seemingly comprehensive obituary by Robert D. McFadden - more than 5,000 words. (The Times regularly prepares obituaries in advance, sometimes many years in advance, for prominent figures.  Mr. McFadden works strictly on advance obituaries.)

It described Mr. Koch as “the master showman of City Hall, who parlayed shrewd political instincts and plenty of chutzpah into three tumultuous terms as New York’s mayor with all the tenacity, zest and combativeness that personified his city of golden dreams …”

But later that morning, obituary editors heard from a Times reporter that there was a substantial omission. There was only the most glancing reference to the AIDS crisis that was raging during the Koch administration.

The mayor was much criticized, at the time and afterward, for what was seen as the city’s inadequate response. And Mr. Koch’s own sexuality was not addressed in the obituary. Was he a closeted gay man ignoring this crisis in the gay world At the same time, readers were noticing and complaining on Twitter.

William McDonald, the obituaries editor, said he found no reason to disagree.

“I said, ‘Yes, of course,’” he told me Monday. “It needed to be addressed and we corrected it as soon as we could.”

The article went through a number of revisions during the day, and when it first appeared in print, on Saturday, it included several paragraphs on those subjects.

Mr. McFadden had begun writing the obituary in 1999 and had continued to revise it over the years, Mr. McDonald said.

“In some ways, the Web gives us an opportunity to try to perfect it,” Mr. McDonald said. “We can’t provide a pristine piece on demand at any time of da! y.”

And, Mr. McDonald noted, an obituary “is not the definitive biography.”

“It bothers me that we didn’t have it complete, but we learn things as we go,” he said. “You’d like to not have to do it, and in 99 percent of cases, we don’t have to.”

Even the revisions caused further complaints. David Steinhardt, a reader from of Hancock, Vt., complained that The Times had greatly underestimated the number of AIDS victims during the Koch era.

He wrote:

“Hundreds” afflicted with AIDS in NYC during the Koch mayoralty I recall the numbers were closer to 30,000. “Hundreds” cannot mean 300 hundred. Thank you for addressing this continuing insult to the memory of AIDS victims who died of indifference during the 1980s.

That part of the obituary read as follows:

“Mr. Koch was also harshly criticized for what was called his slow, inadequate response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s. Hundreds of New Yorkers were desperately ill nd dying in a baffling public health emergency, and critics, especially in the gay community, accused him of being a closeted homosexual reluctant to confront the crisis for fear of being exposed.”

Mr. McDonald said he had not heard the numbers complaint until I brought it to his attention around noon on Monday, but that he would look into it. He said the use of “hundreds” came from looking back at news stories from the 1980s.

“We may have been underestimating it back then,” he said.

But after doing so, he decided that hundreds was not an error, given the context in which it was written.

He referred to city government figures regarding AIDS deaths in the five boroughs. They show  ”that the numbers were in the hundreds beginning about 1982 and remained so until about mid-1985, when the total hit the 2,000 mark. By the time Koch left office in 1989, the total was approaching 6,000.”

But the passage in the obituary, he said, “refers to Koch’s response ov! er time, ! as the crisis grew â€" thousands were not dying of AIDS until well into the decade, according to New York City figures.”

Mr. McDonald’s conclusion, therefore, is that “‘hundreds’ does not seem wrong to me.”

The use of ‘hundreds’ may not be technically wrong in its limited context. But it does seem to reduce the severity and scope of the AIDS crisis, and readers’ objections to that impression are understandable.

A Hard Life on the \'Roof of the World\'

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It is a harsh, unforgiving existence for the 1,200 Kyrgyz people who live at the end of the remote and inhospitable Wakhan corridor in Afghanistan, a 140-mile-long strip of land surrounded by China, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Less than half of the children there live to see theirfifth birthday. And it is commonplace for women to die during childbirth.

There are no doctors and no roads or vehicles. They live so high up there are no trees. In winter, the temperature goes down to 40 degrees below zero, and there are as many as 340 days of freezing weather a year.

They live in near-complete isolation in a place so removed that the Afghan wars never made it this far.

For thousands of years, the Kyrgyz lived a nomadic life, wandering from Siberia and Mongolia to Kazakhstan and China into Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and eventually â€" about 150 years ago â€" into the Wakhan.

The grass there was good. The Kyrgyz would spend their summers fattening up their animals and during the harsh winters would move into the lower valleys, which were then in Russia or, on the other side, China.

But the Russian Revolution in 1917 cut off part of that route, and when the Chinese closed their border after the revolution in 1949, some Kyrgyz were trapped in this desolate ! section of Afghanistan.

Cut off from their brethren on the other side of the borders, they had to adjust to the brutal winters.

Matthieu Paley/National Geographic Yaks rest outside a young couple’s yurt on the eve of a summer trading journey. Made of interlaced poles covered with felt, these portable homes are packed up and reassembled for seasonal migration. Wooden doors are imported to the treeless plateau from lower altitudes.

Because of the enforced isolation, the Afghan Kyrgyz have been able to hold onto a semi-nomadic life, wintering in mud huts at the plateau and sleeping in yurts in the summer. Occasionally a caravan dips into Pakistan to barter their yaks for wheat flour. They also trade for opium, which has become widely used by the Kyrgyz.

Mot of the more than four million Kyrgyz in Tajkistan, Kyrgyzstan and China were moved into collective farms and villages by Communist regimes and lost their nomadic way of life.

Few Westerners have visited the far end of the Wakhan corridor, an area that the Kyrgyz call the “roof of the world.” Among the handful of photographers who have been there, Matthieu Paley probably knows them best. He has made the perilous journey, which can take up to 10 days on foot, eight times. And he has learned the Kyrgyz language.

“The Kyrgyz, they’re tough guys,” he said. “They’re like cowboys without much emotion to show because of the environment. It’s like you’re on the moon more than you’re on the earth, really.”

Photographs from his two latest trips in 2012 are featured in the February issue of National Geographic magazine, accompanied by a story by Michael Finkel.

Matthieu Paley Juma’s father has depleted most of his wealth â€" his livestock â€" bartering it for opium. The family has only a few yaks left and a horse that young Juma is especially fond of.

A book of Mr. Paley’s photographs of the Kyrgyz, “Pamir: Forgotten on the Roof of the World,” was published in October by La Martinière in French and Knesebeck in German. He is trying to get it printed in English, too.

Wen Mr. Paley, who was born and raised in France, first visited the Wakhan corridor, it was, he said, simply “to see what was on the other side of the mountain.”

“I’m a bit of an explorer,” he added. “I love maps.”

He was living in Kardu in the far north of Pakistan with his girlfriend, now his wife, Mareile, working with a trekking company and the Aga Khan Foundation. They made their first short trips to the Wakhan corridor by backpacking over a 17,000-foot pass.

In 2005, the couple bought a donkey and walked about 200 miles, over two weeks, alone with no guide or translator, to reach the plateau where the Kyrgyz live. They walked all the way to the Chinese border as Mr. Paley shot photographs.

Mr. Paley became one of the first Westerners to travel the length of the Wakhan corridor in the winter, walking on the frozen Wakhan River to join an anthropologist, Ted! Callahan! , in 2008 while on assignment for National Geographic.

Matthieu Paley After a whiteout, a Bactrian camel.

Though the land is inhospitable, the Kyrgyz are not poor. Mr. Finkel describes their economy in National Geographic: “Though paper money is almost nonexistent, many camps’ herds contain hundreds of valuable animals, including the horses and donkeys used for transportation. The basic unit of Kyrgyz currency is a sheep. A cellphone costs one sheep. A yak costs about 10 sheep. A high-quality horse is 50. The going rate for a bride is 100.”

They have kept most of their traditional ways, but technology has begun to reach the Afghan Kyrgyz. There are a few solar panels used to charge cellphones. But there is no cell service, so the phones are used as camras, although there is no way to download the images because there are no computers.

The Kyrgyz have for the most part been forgotten because they inhabit a remote land with few resources. They have been closed off from the world because of political reasons completely beyond their control. They have been able to hold on to their ways, and that inspires Mr. Paley. Despite their circumstances, he said, they seem content.

“There’s horrible things happening, but I’ve been drawn to show the beauty, and the hope and joy,” he said. “When I go there I really enjoy it. There’s laughter, there’s hardship. And this hardship is not depressing; it’s part of life. That’s how it is.”

Matthieu Paley A Wakhi man shoulders his hay load below the Boroghil pass a! t the Pak! istan-Afghanistan border.

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