Eating a single serving of red meat per day may raise the risk of early death, a new study found.
The study, which followed more than 120,000 American men and women, linked daily consumption of unprocessed red meat with a 13 percent increase in mortality risk.
A daily serving of processed meat carried an even bigger risk. Eating one hotdog or two strips of bacon per day was associated with a 20 percent increased risk of death, according to the study.
"It's not really surprising because red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer," said Dr. Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health and co-author of the study published today in the journal Archives of Internal Medicine. "What is surprising is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption."
Nearly three-quarters of the study participants reported eating one or more daily servings of red meat.
"Habitual, daily consumption of these products is actually very common, both in our study and in the general population," said Hu.
People who ate red meat regularly tended to have other bad health habits, like smoking, drinking alcohol and being physically inactive, according to the study. They also tended to eat fewer fruits and vegetables, which are linked to decreased mortality. But even when Hu and colleagues controlled for those risk factors, the red meat-mortality link stood.
"I think the public health message is pretty straightforward," said Hu. "We should switch from a red meat-based diet to a plant-based diet with healthier protein choices."
The study could not conclude that red meat consumption caused the increased risk of death, rather that there was an association between the two. But red meat contains compounds known to boost the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, such as saturated fat, sodium nitrites and other "chemicals produced during processing and cooking," Hu said.
Swapping red meat for healthy protein sources, such as poultry, fish, legumes and whole grains was linked to a decrease in mortality risk, ranging from 7 percent for fish to 19 percent for nuts.
Betsy Booren, director of scientific affairs for the American Meat Institute, criticized the study for relying on self-reports and sophisticated statistical analyses.
"All of these studies struggle to disentangle other lifestyle and dietary habits from meat and processed meat and admit that they can't do it well enough to use their conclusions to accurately recommend people change their dietary habits," she said in a statement. "What the total evidence has shown, and what common sense suggests, is that a balanced diet and a healthy body weight are the keys to good health."
Dr. David Katz, director of the Yale University Prevention Research Center, said even small changes in red meat consumption can make a big difference.
"Try eating poultry or fish once or twice a week and a vegetarian dinner once or twice a week. And when you eat red meat, switch to leaner cuts and grass-fed cattle," he said, explaining that the animal's diet matters, too.
Cutting back on meat can make room for healthier sources of protein, such as eggs -- "the quintessential protein source," according to Katz. "The idea is just to eat less meat and better quality meat -- not processed meat."
Dr. Dean Ornish, clinical professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, urges people to scale back on red meat consumption for another reason: the environment. A quarter-pounder with cheese "takes 26 ounces of petroleum and leaves a 13-pound carbon footprint. This is equivalent to burning 7 pounds of coal," he wrote in an editorial accompanying the study. "What is personally sustainable is globally sustainable. What is good for you is good for our planet."
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